| Abstract: This paper explores the long-run effects of parental absence during multiple stages of childhood on later-life educational attainment. We look at the specific case of children in skipped generation families who grew up in households where grandparents are primary caregiver, and both parents were absent for an extended period. To deal with the endogeneity of family choices and parental migration, we exploit a plethora of fixed effect estimations (locality, birth cohort and sibling fixed effects) and instrumental variable design. Using a longitudinal household survey, the Townsend Thai Data, our estimates show that early childhood experience of growing up in skipped generation households harms schooling outcomes later in life. We provide evidence that grandparent-headed households with parental absence also spent less on children’s education despite having received higher remittances. |
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